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James Rivington
James Rivington (1724 – July 1802) was an English-born American journalist who published one of the most infamous Loyalist newspapers in the American colonies, ''Rivington's Gazette''. Some scholars in the 1950s determined that despite all outward appearances, Rivington was a member of the American Culper Spy Ring.〔Mahl, Tom E. (''Espionage's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Malicious Moles, Blown Covers, and Intelligence Oddities'' ). Potomac Books, Inc., 2003. ISBN 978-1-61234-038-8. Retrieved May 1, 2014. p. 217〕
==Early life==
Rivington was one of the sons of the bookseller and publisher Charles Rivington and inherited a share of his father's business, which he lost at the Newmarket races. In 1760 he sailed to North America and resumed his occupation in Philadelphia and in the next year opened a print-shop at the foot of Wall Street, New York. In 1773 he began〔(Proposal, 15 February 1773 ), first issue 22 April 1773 (Charles R. Hildeburn, ''Sketches of Printers and Printing in Colonial New York'' (New York: Dodd, Mead, & Company], 1895).〕 to publish a newspaper "at his ever open and uninfluenced press, Hanover Square".〔(James Sullivan, ed. ''The History of New York State'' ) book XII, ch. 21, part 1.〕 The first number of a newspaper, ''The New York Gazetteer or the Connecticut, New Jersey, Hudson's River, and Quebec Weekly Advertiser'' was issued in April 1773.〔(Kara Pierce, ''A Revolutionary Masquerade: the Chronicles of James Rivington'' )〕
His initially impartial stance shifted as a revolution loomed and public opinion polarized,〔Catherine Snell Crary, “The Tory and the Spy: the double life of James Rivington,” ''The William and Mary Quarterly'', 3rd Series, 16.1 (January 1959), 61-72.〕 until by late 1774〔Hildeburn Hildeburn notes a handbill circulated in New York 25 July 1774, which read: "It is the Purpose of Lord North to offer one of your Printers Five Hundred Pounds, as an Inducement to undertake and promote, Ministerial Measures."〕 he was advocating the restrictive measures of the British government with such great zeal and attacking the patriots so severely,〔Rivington's unflattering remarks occasioned sharp correspondence with the patriot printer John Holt and his publication, ''The New-York Journal'', “...a receptacle for every inflammatory piece that is published throughout the continent", according to ''Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer'', August 11, 1774, noted by Pierce.〕 that in 1775 the Whigs of Newport, Rhode Island, resolved to hold no further communication with him. The Sons of Liberty hanged Rivington in effigy, and the patriot poet Philip Freneau published a mock speech of Rivington's supposed contrition at his execution, which Rivington reprinted. He infuriated Captain Isaac Sears, the prominent patriot and Son of Liberty.
"He would appear as a leading man amongst us, without perceiving that he is enlisted under a ''party'' as a ''tool'' of the lowest order; a ''political cracker'', sent abroad to ''alarm'' and ''terrify'', sure to do ''mischief'' to the cause he means to support, and generally finishing his career in an ''explosion'' that often bespatters his friends〔''Rivington’s New York Gazetteer'', August 18, 1774, quoted in Pierce."〕
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